Asthma

What is Asthma?

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that affects the airways in the lungs, making them inflamed and sensitive. This inflammation can cause symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. These symptoms may vary in severity and are often triggered by specific factors such as allergens, exercise, or respiratory infections.

In Australia, asthma is a significant public health issue, affecting about 11% of the population, according to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). Managing asthma effectively is essential to maintaining a high quality of life and preventing serious complications.

Symptoms of Asthma

Asthma symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include:

• Wheezing: A whistling sound when breathing, particularly during exhalation.
• Shortness of Breath: Difficulty catching your breath, even with minimal activity.
• Chest Tightness: A feeling of pressure or constriction in the chest.
• Coughing: Often worse at night or early in the morning.
• Fatigue: Resulting from interrupted sleep or difficulty breathing.

Causes and Triggers of Asthma

A combination of genetic and environmental factors causes asthma. Common triggers include:

• Allergens: Pollen, dust mites, mould, and pet dander.
• Irritants: Smoke, strong odours, and air pollution.
• Respiratory Infections: Colds and flu.
• Physical Activity: Exercise-induced asthma.
• Weather Changes: Cold air or sudden temperature shifts.
• Stress: Emotional stress can exacerbate symptoms.

Diagnostic Tests for Asthma

Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective management. Common diagnostic tests include:

• Spirometry: Measures lung function by assessing the amount and speed of air you can exhale.
• Peak Flow Monitoring: Tracks your ability to push air out of your lungs.
• Methacholine Challenge Test: Assesses airway sensitivity.
• Allergy Testing: Identifies allergens that may trigger symptoms.
• FeNO Test: Measures the level of nitric oxide in your breath, indicating airway inflammation.

Potential Complications

Without proper management, asthma can lead to serious complications such as:

• Frequent Hospital Visits: Due to severe asthma attacks.
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Over time, poorly controlled asthma may contribute to chronic airway damage.
• Reduced Quality of Life: Persistent symptoms can interfere with daily activities, sleep, and overall well-being.
• Life-Threatening Episodes: Severe asthma attacks can be fatal if untreated.

Treatments for Asthma

Asthma management focuses on preventing symptoms and controlling flare-ups. Treatment options include:

• Inhalers:
  • Reliever Inhalers: Provide quick relief during an asthma attack.
  • Preventer Inhalers: Reduce inflammation and prevent symptoms over the long term.
• Oral Medications: These include corticosteroids or leukotriene receptor antagonists.
• Allergy Management: Avoid known allergens and consider immunotherapy.
• Action Plans: Personalized asthma action plans help monitor and manage symptoms effectively.
• Lifestyle Adjustments: Regular exercise, stress management, and avoiding triggers.
• Injections: which includes biological therapy.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)