Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily affects the lungs, it can spread to other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine, and brain. TB remains a significant global health challenge, with millions of new cases each year. Although Australia has a relatively low incidence of TB—about 5.5 cases per 100,000 people annually—it remains an important public health concern due to its potential severity and impact on vulnerable populations.
What Are the Symptoms of Tuberculosis?
TB can present with a range of symptoms, which may vary depending on whether it is active or latent. Common symptoms include:
- Persistent cough lasting more than three weeks
- Coughing up blood or sputum
- Unexplained weight loss
- Night sweats
- Fatigue and weakness
- Chest pain
- Fever and chills
Latent TB often shows no symptoms but requires medical evaluation as it can progress to active TB.
What Causes Tuberculosis?
TB is caused by the airborne transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. It spreads when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks, releasing bacteria into the air. While prolonged close contact increases the risk of infection, not everyone exposed to TB bacteria becomes ill.
Risk factors for developing TB include:
- Weakened immune system (e.g., HIV, diabetes)
- Chronic conditions or medications that suppress immunity
- Living or travelling in regions with high TB prevalence
- Smoking or substance abuse
Diagnostic Tests for Tuberculosis
At Manse Medical, we offer advanced diagnostic tools to identify TB in adults, including:
- Tuberculin Skin Test (TST):
- A small amount of tuberculin is injected under the skin. A reaction is assessed after 48-72 hours to determine exposure to TB.
- Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRA):
- Blood tests that measure immune response to TB bacteria useful for diagnosing latent TB.
- Chest X-ray:
- Identifies lung abnormalities indicative of active TB.
- Sputum Tests:
- Microscopic examination and culture of sputum samples to confirm active TB and identify drug resistance.
Complications of Tuberculosis
Untreated TB can lead to serious complications, including:
- Permanent lung damage
- Spread of infection to other organs (e.g., TB meningitis, miliary TB)
- Respiratory failure
- Increased mortality risk in immunocompromised individuals.
Treatment Options for Tuberculosis
TB treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken over a prolonged period (usually 6-9 months) to ensure complete eradication of the bacteria. The standard regimen includes:
- First-line Medications: Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, and Pyrazinamide
- Directly Observed Therapy (DOT): Healthcare professionals supervise medication intake to improve adherence.
For drug-resistant TB, alternative antibiotics and longer treatment durations may be required.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is tuberculosis contagious?
Yes, active TB is contagious and spreads through airborne droplets. Latent TB, however, is not contagious.
Can tuberculosis be prevented?
Preventive measures include vaccination with the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in high-risk populations, early diagnosis, and treatment of latent TB to prevent progression to active disease.
How effective is TB treatment?
With proper adherence, TB treatment is highly effective, curing over 95% of drug-sensitive cases.
What should I do if I have been exposed to someone with TB?
Schedule a consultation at Manse Medical for testing and evaluation. Early detection is key to preventing the development of active TB.
Are there any lifestyle changes to support TB recovery?
Maintaining a healthy diet, avoiding smoking, and adhering to prescribed treatments can improve recovery outcomes.
At Manse Medical, we are dedicated to providing comprehensive patient care. Our team of specialists offers advanced diagnostic tests, personalised treatment plans, and ongoing support to help you breathe well and live well. Contact us today to schedule an appointment and take the first step towards better respiratory health.